Hydrogen, ammonia and methanol are key elements in the energy transition but also have hazard potential. Handling these substances requires specialist knowledge and a strong focus on safety. In this interview, Philip Miltrup, our expert in process engineering and the systemic integration of Power-to-X, explains why PtX safety is much more than a regulatory requirement.
Why is safety the foundational principle of any PtX project?
Miltrup: Safety is not just a regulatory requirement — it’s essential for long-term viability, public acceptance and environmental integrity. Implementing safety from the ground up means conducting thorough risk assessments, enforcing strict operational protocols, investing in staff training and aligning with international best practices. A strong safety culture protects people, infrastructure and investment, making it the cornerstone of scalable and responsible PtX development.
Which hazards need to be considered when transporting and storing hydrogen, ammonia and methanol for use in PtX applications?
Miltrup: Hydrogen is extremely flammable, and its flame is nearly invisible in daylight, which poses detection challenges. However, leaked hydrogen disperses quickly into the atmosphere, reducing explosion risks if proper ventilation is in place. Safe handling depends on high-pressure containment, cryogenic storage systems and robust leak detection technologies. When managed with industry-standard protocols, hydrogen can be handled as safely as other fuels — although it requires unique safety strategies due to its physical properties.
Ammonia poses serious health risks due to its toxicity and corrosiveness. It can cause severe respiratory damage even at low concentrations and reacts dangerously with moisture and certain metals. In addition, ammonia is very harmful to aquatic environments — even small amounts can reduce oxygen levels in the water, upset the natural balance and be toxic to fish and other aquatic animals. Methanol, while less volatile, is highly flammable and toxic if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through the skin. Both substances require tightly sealed, pressure-rated storage, leak detection systems, proper ventilation and personnel training to prevent exposure and ensure safe handling during long-distance transport and storage.
You are a PtX safety trainer at the PtX Academy. What does this training cover?
Miltrup: The PtX safety trainings offered by H2Uppp and the International PtX Hub provide essential knowledge on the hazards, risks and regulations associated with handling hydrogen, oxygen, ammonia and methanol in PtX operations as well as mitigation strategies. It is aimed at decision-makers, regulators, project developers, consultants, academics and any other stakeholders who handle PtX chemicals. The training can be delivered in a variety of formats, including online, on-site or hybrid and can last from two hours to a full day.
