As with any major industrial installation, Power-to-X production sites must be subject to thorough Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) and undergo regular operational inspections. The production, storage, transportation and final use of their products, such as hydrogen, ammonia, methanol or e-fuels, must meet clearly defined standards.
Any gas or fuel poses an inherent risk. Hydrogen, for example, is a dangerous substance. Its key hazardous properties are its wide flammability range and its low ignition point compared to other gases. It burns at a high temperature with an almost invisible flame and can easily explode.
Another issue is the storage and transport of hydrogen, since it can cause the metals used in infrastructure to become brittle. This must be considered when repurposing existing infrastructure, such as pipelines.
Lastly, converting hydrogen to other Power-to-X products can reduce some of the risks but may trigger others. Ammonia, for example, is easier to transport, since its energy density is significantly higher. However, ammonia poses other environmental and safety risks. It is toxic, and can severely corrode the lungs, eyes, and skin. If spilled, it will also have negative impacts on fish and aquatic ecosystems.
Any assessment of Power-to-X sustainability must not only focus on product characteristics. It is important to consider the entire value chain including logistics and infrastructure. This is particularly relevant if Power-to-X products are not only used in a domestic local context but traded and transported internationally.
